9 Person deixis in English and Romanian

University of Craiova, Department of Communication and Foreign Languages, Craiova, Romania
puiu.oana.e2d@student.ucv.ro

Pragmatics is the field of linguistics that studies meaning in context. Deixis refers to the area of pragmatics that gives an interpretation of the meaning of an utterance based on its context. There are different categories of deixis, such as person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, empathetic deixis and social deixis. This paper focuses on person deixis. While there are several approaches to be taken when investigating person deixis, depending on the perspective, this paper refers to a translation-oriented perspective and a corpus-based perspective. We explore the translation of person deixis from English to Romanian in the context of the discourse of the World Health Organization on the Coronavirus pandemic. We have selected 64 texts (from January 1st to December 31st, 2021) from conferences with the media in which the globally challenging Covid-19 issue is addressed by the WHO Director-General. We shall use the scientific research methods of discourse analysis and documentary analysis, while taking into account the benefits and limitations of the methods, to investigate the heavy use of the pronouns “I”, “we” and “you”, the functions and the grammatical encoding that deictic pronoun have in both languages in order to offer an optimal translation of person deixis from English to Romanian.

Keywords: person deixis, corpus analysis, translation studies, institutional discourse

1. Introduction

The paper focuses on the analysis of the differences between English and Romanian with reference to person deixis, and on determining the best counterparts for the translation of deictic pronouns from English into Romanian. The corpus design and use involve a number of 64 texts pertaining to the institutional discourse of the World Health Organization in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic, thus meeting the criteria of representativeness and exemplarity.

In order to determine what the differences and the best equivalents in translation are, we will first outline deixis – more particularly, person deixis; we will also make reference to the research methods we have employed in our analysis, namely, discourse analysis and documentary analysis. As stated above, our paper underpins a corpus-based approach to translating person deixis in the institutional discourse of the World Health Organization (WHO), and to discuss the results of our analysis.

2. Translating person deixis

2.1. Outlining deixis and person deixis

The word deixis stems from the Greek deiknynai, meaning to show, being recorded in English in the 1940s, according to Oxford English Dictionary (https://www.oed.com/). In this line of approach, any linguistic form used to accomplish “pointing via” language is considered to be a deictic expression. Lyons (1977), also taking an etymological look, highlights that:

As employed by the Greek grammarians, the adjective deictic* (‘deiktikos’) had the sense of “demonstrative”, the Latin ‘demonstrativus’ being the term chosen by the Roman grammarians to translate ‘deiktikos’ in the works of the Stoics, of Dionysius Thrax and of Apollonius Dyscolus, which laid the foundations of traditional grammar in the Western world. It is worth noting that what we now call demonstrative pronouns were referred to as deictic articles in the earlier Greek tradition and that the Greek word ‘arthron’, from whose Latin translation, ‘articulus’, the technical term article derives, was no more than the ordinary word for a link or joint. (Lyons, 1977: 636)

It was only in the later tradition that the Greek equivalent of ‘pronoun’ was used; and this fact is of some significance. The point is that in early Greek, no sharp distinction can be drawn between demonstrative pronouns, the definite article and the relative pronoun, in terms of their forms or syntactic and semantic function: the term ‘article’ was at first an umbrella term, applied to them all, and it was chosen, presumably, because they were regarded as connectives of various kinds. (Lyons, 1977: 636)

Convergently, Andersen and Keenan (1985: 259) consider “as deictic expressions (or deictics for short) those linguistic elements whose interpretation in simple sentences makes essential reference to properties of the extralinguistic context of the utterance in which they occur”. It is unclear, however, how one determines what counts as “essential reference”. They exemplify it by the sentence “John loves me”, where “we cannot tell who is being loved unless we know who is uttering the sentence” (Andersen & Keenan, 1985: 259). Levinson (1994: 853) also shows concern for context dependence in producing and/or interpreting “certain linguistic expressions (‘deictics’ or ‘indexicals’)”. According to Mey (2001: 54), the linguistic devices used to convey an indexical relationship are referred to as “pointers”. These pointers serve to indicate the identity of the speaker, as well as the specific location and time being referred to, thereby establishing a set of coordinates. Sidnell (2009: 114-115) envisages deictics as “more or less closed functional categories of person, space, time, discourse and social deixis” based on “the formal properties (semantic, morphological and morphosyntactic) of particular languages”, and highlights the importance of recognizing cross-linguistic variations in the level of “closedness” exhibited by these categories”. Yule (2010: 130), quite interestingly, suggests that reference involves listener / reader – orientation, being “an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something.”

Picking up reference in the extra-linguistic world should be placed on a continuum, according to Levinson (2003), who draws attention to a spectrum of deicticity, thus rejecting the binary distinction between deictic and non-deictic items:

Expressions whose reference or extension is systematically determined by aspects of the speech situation (words like I, you, now, this, and here) are called deictic or indexical terms. Sometimes they denote aspects of the speech situation itself (as with I), but sometimes what they denote is only partially determined by reference to the speech situation (as in local pub, long ago, next year, distant planet, the late president). (Levinson, 2003: 423)

Hanks (2011: 317) reinforces this idea when claiming that there are no linguistic items which contain only deictic information: “actual deictic forms” “always combine sheer indexical functions with other kinds of information (indexical, iconic or symbolic)”. Admittedly, deixis ceases to be assimilated with pure indexicality.

The above-mentioned definitions point to the fact that it is difficult to make a sharp distinction between what counts as deictic and what counts as not deictic, and that all linguistic items are at least slightly dependent on context for their interpretation.

Regarding the typology of deixis, mainstream literature distinguishes between five main categories, namely, place deixis, social deixis, discourse or text deixis, time deixis and person deixis (notably, Levinson 1983; Yule 1996; Grundy 2000; Vîlceanu 2005; O’Keeffe et al. 2011; West 2014). Out of these five widely acknowledged categories, person deixis will be our focal point of interest in what follows.

According to Yule (1996: 10), person deixis “clearly operates on a basic three-part division” in close correlation with grammatical encoding as typified by the personal pronouns for first-person (‘I’), second-person (‘you’) and third-person (‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’); correspondingly, deictic reference is made to participants’ roles of referents, falling into “the speaker, the addressee, and referents which are neither speaker or addressee” (Yule, 1996: 10).

Furthermore, we distinguish between the first-person plural deictic pronouns which include the addressee and the first-person plural deictic pronouns which exclude the addressee. The category of second-person deictic pronouns excludes the speaker and includes the addressee (Yule, 1996: 11-12). It is worth noting that the individuals being addressed by the speaker can be divided into two distinct categories. The first category is referred to as “auditors” and includes all members of the audience who are being addressed by the speaker. The second category is known as “addressees” and is limited to those individuals who are specifically known to the speaker and are being directly addressed by them. (Bell, 1984: 159). Yule (1996: 10) also mentions that there are languages, such as German and Spanish, in which we identify the addressee with reference to number and case, apart from being a participant in the conversation; we add that this is also the case of Romanian, where deictic reference to the person is also associated with the verb which concords with the pronoun, containing a special inflectional morpheme.

2.2. Research methods: discourse analysis and documentary analysis

Discourse analysis and documentary analysis are research methods we decided to use in analysing the 64 texts pertaining to the Director-General of the World Health Organization (Ghebreyesus Tedros Adhanom) and representing media briefings regarding the Coronavirus pandemic.

Discourse analysis represents the study of language in a given context. It is the most frequently tool employed in scientific research in Philology. This is an approach in which philosophy, theory and method are combined. Discourse gives meaning to physical objects and events that exist unassisted by people’s thoughts and speech. When employing this method, a number of texts pertaining to the same type of discourse are collected and analysed according to a certain framework. In our specific case, the analysis is restricted to the institutional discourse of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the context of Covid-19, covering the values of person deixis.

With respect to the benefits that this research method offers, we should mention that discourse analysis generates viable insights, being associated with an in-depth approach to texts as meaningful units sharing common properties and contexts of use. In this respect, it helps us in building a corpus – we have selected several texts representing the institutional discourse of WHO.

Regarding the limitations that this method has, we should mention that it is rather time-consuming, because selecting appropriate texts and then proceeding to analyse the texts’ features could take a lot longer compared to other scientific research methods. It is also, to a certain extent, subjective, because it does not attend to the non-verbal aspects of interactions, which some researchers consider to be more trustworthy, because they are less controllable, and thus more likely to disclose true meaning (and hidden agendas).

Documentary analysis is another method we will use in our research. It consists of drawing conclusions regarding the social circumstances in which documents, such as letters, official reports, web pages, newspaper articles, etc., are produced and read by carefully examining them and their content, from a multisided perspective. We distinguish between different approaches to documentary analysis: content analysis, the interpretative approach and the critical approach. Content analysis is considered a quantitative technique. It is objective, systematic, focused on the surface meaning of the document. It examines who says what, to whom and with what effect; for example, we count the occurrences of the word ‘we’ within one or more documents pertaining to WHO. The interpretative approach to documentary data is concerned with the exploration of the meaning within the content – for example, we examine the meaning of deictic pronouns in the texts pertaining to WHO. The critical approach deals with aspects of social structure such as power, ideology, social control, etc.

With reference to the benefits this method of research has to offer, we emphasise that, because of its eclectic nature, it can incorporate a variety of approaches to documentary sources. It can be used in conjunction with other research methods – for example, to widen the findings of interview data.

With reference to the drawbacks of this method of research, we mention that one could be facing problems of validity if using this method. We can only use original, accurate, typical of their kind documents, in which the intention is clearly perceived. We could also be facing problems of intertextuality (Bloor & Wood, 2006: 60), because documents are dependent on their relationship with other documents; for example, a text pertaining to WHO could be referring to previous texts, and if taken out of context, there is the risk of misinterpreting the intention of the document. In order to mitigate this risk in our analysis we will only consider original, accurate, and specific documents, in which the intention is carried across leaving no room for misinterpretation.

2.3. A corpus-based approach

As mentioned before, the paper focuses on translating person deixis from English into Romanian in the context of the discourse of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the Coronavirus pandemic. We have selected 64 texts produced in the time frame January 1st – December 31st, 2021, delivered at conferences with the media in which the globally challenging Covid-19 issue is addressed by WHO Director-General, Ghebreyesus Tedros Adhanom.

When translating the texts from English into Romanian, we shall take into account the supranational, prepotent identity of the WHO, as presented on the official website – WHO is responsible with health care strategies and policies globally:

The Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13) defines WHO’s strategy for the five-year period, 2019-2023. It focuses on triple billion targets to achieve measurable impacts on people’s health at the country level.  The triple billion targets are to ensure by 2023: one billion more people are benefiting from universal health coverage, one billion more people are better protected from health emergencies, one billion more people are enjoying better health and well-being. Measurable impact is at the heart of WHO’s mission to transform the future of public health. (World Health Organization 2019).

Another important factor that we shall consider when translating the texts from English into Romanian, while focusing on the use of person deixis, is the fact that the Coronavirus pandemic has reached out globally, too: “WHO reported that over 1 million cases of COVID-19 had been confirmed worldwide, a more than tenfold increase in less than a month.” (WHO, 4 April 2020); “WHO shared survey findings, showing that seventy-three countries have warned that they are at risk of stock-outs of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.” (WHO, 6 July 2020); “WHO shared survey findings showing that the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in 93% of the 130 countries covered, while the demand for mental health is increasing.” (WHO, 5 October 2020)

The corpus-based approach to translating person deixis from English into Romanian in the context of the institutional discourse of WHO on the Covid-19 pandemic focuses on first-person singular deictic pronouns, first-person plural deictic pronouns and second-person deictic pronouns, since there is a prevalence of the pronouns “I”, “we” and “you” in the selected texts:

I congratulate the government, health workers, communities and all WHO staff who were involved in the response. (Ghebreyesus, 3 May 2021) (our emphasis)

We have the tools to bring this pandemic under control in a matter of months, if we apply them consistently and equitably. (…) We are calling for the original manufacturers of mRNA vaccines to contribute their technology and know-how to a central hub, and for manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries to express interest in receiving that technology. We have seen incredible innovation in science; now we need innovation to ensure as many people as possible benefit from that science. (Ghebreyesus, 19 April 2021) (our emphasis)

It’s therefore my great pleasure to welcome His Excellency Jonas Gahr Støre, the Prime Minister of Norway. Prime Minister Støre also once worked for WHO, so Prime Minister, welcome back to WHO, and thank you for Norway’s support for the ACT Accelerator so far. Tusen takk, and you have the floor. [H.E. JONAS GAHR STØRE ADDRESSED THE MEDIA] Thank you so much, Your Excellency Prime Minister Støre, and thank you once again for Norway’s leadership and partnership. Margaret, back to you.  (Ghebreyesus, 28 October 2021) (our emphasis)

3. Results

3.1. Distribution of the deictic pronouns

The study examined 64 texts related to Ghebreyesus Tedros Adhanom, specifically media briefings where the WHO Director-General addressed the Coronavirus pandemic. The analysis revealed that the pronoun ‘we’ was extensively utilised throughout the texts. There are 820 occurrences of “we” out of the total of 1,620 occurrences of deictic pronouns, representing 50.61% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts. The function of “we” is in some cases that of including the speaker and excluding the addressee (440 occurrences, representing 27.16% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts), as shown in (1); in other cases the deictic pronouns “we” includes the speaker and includes or excludes the addressee (ambiguous use) (32 occurrences, representing 1.98% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts), as shown in (2); there are instances when the investigation shows that the first-person plural deictic pronoun “we” includes the speaker and it also includes the addressee (348 occurrences, representing 21.48% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts), as shown in (3).

(1) We hope this will be the first of many licenses shared through C-TAP. We continue to explore every avenue for expanding access to life-saving tools. With the WTO Ministerial Conference next week and with more countries now supporting a waiver on intellectual property rights under the TRIPS agreement, I hope that consensus can be found and that we move forward. At the same time, we are working to strengthen the capacity of our Member States to manufacture vaccines and other health products through technology transfer hubs. […] As we work to end this pandemic, we also continue our work to understand its beginnings. (Ghebreyesus, 25 November 2021) (our emphasis)

(2) How quickly we end the pandemic, and how many sisters and brothers we lose along the way, depends on how quickly and how fairly we vaccinate a significant proportion of the global population. (Ghebreyesus, 10 May 2021) (our emphasis)

(3) Globally, we are now seeing a plateauing in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, with declines in most regions including the Americas and Europe, the two worst-affected regions. […] Any decline is welcome, but we have been here before. […] Globally, we are still in a perilous situation. (Ghebreyesus, 10 May 2021) (our emphasis)

We encounter the first-person singular deictic pronoun “I” in 357 cases out of the total of 1,620 occurrences of deictic pronouns, representing 22.04% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the selected texts. The function of “I” is exclusive of addressee and inclusive of speaker in all the utterances, as shown in (4).

(4) I’m encouraged that there is now an emerging consensus on the need for such an instrument or agreement, although I recognize there is still much work to do to reach agreement on exactly what that instrument looks like. We will not achieve everything at the Special Session, but I hope it will serve as a launching pad for a new instrument, by establishing a leadership team to direct the rapid development of a zero draft for negotiations, which would begin immediately after next year’s World Health Assembly. I ask all Member States to approach the Special Session with a spirit of solidarity, a willingness to compromise and a commitment to making the world safer for future generations. (Ghebreyesus, 25 November 2021) (our emphasis)

There are 443 occurrences of the second-person deictic pronoun “you”, representing 27.35% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts. The function of “you” is exclusive of speaker, inclusive of the addressee and referring to the auditors in some cases (51 occurrences out of the total of 1,620 deictic pronouns, representing 3.15%), as shown in (5), while it is exclusive of the speaker, inclusive of the addressee and referring to the addressees in other cases (392 occurrences out of the total of 1,620 deictic pronouns, amounting to 24.20%), as shown in (6).

(5) As you know, 56 countries who were effectively excluded from the global vaccine marketplace were not able to reach the target of vaccinating 10% of their populations by the end of September – and most of them in Africa. (Ghebreyesus, 13 October 2021) (our emphasis)

(6) Strive, thank you for joining us, and for everything you’re doing with AVAT to deliver vaccines to Africa’s people as soon as possible. Thank you for your leadership. You have the floor. [MR MASIYIWA ADDRESSES THE MEDIA] Thank you Strive, and thank you once again for your leadership. […] John, thank you for your leadership in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, without the tools that so many other countries have access to. You have the floor. [DR NKENGASONG ADDRESSES THE MEDIA] Thank you, John, and thank you for your continued partnership, including through the mRNA technology transfer hub that we have established together in South Africa. (Ghebreyesus, 14 September 2021) (our emphasis)

3.2. Functions of the deictic pronouns in English and Romanian

All deictic pronouns maintain the individual and collective functions in the translation into Romanian, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The first-person singular deictic pronoun “I” preserves the same function, namely, it is inclusive of speaker and exclusive of addressee, in both English and Romanian, as shown in (7).

(7) Source text: And I would like to use this opportunity to thank Australia for donating vaccines to Papua New Guinea, and my thanks to the Foreign Minister of Australia, who has expressed full support for Papua New Guinea.” (Ghebreyesus, 16 April 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: Și aș dori, cu această ocazie, să mulțumesc Australiei pentru că a donat vaccinuri către Papua Noua Guinee, și mulțumirile mele se adresează Ministrului de Externe al Australiei, care a arătat că susține Papua Noua Guinee.” (our translation)

It is important to note that reference to the first-person singular, the speaker, is encoded in the auxiliary verb (aș) – Romanian is a pro-drop language, where personal pronouns are grammatically (and pragamatically) inferrable.

The first-person plural deictic pronoun “we” is, in some cases, inclusive of speaker and exclusive of addressee (referring to WHO representatives) and it maintains this function in translation, as shown in (8).

(8) Source text: And we continue to call on all governments to implement a comprehensive and tailored approach of public health and social measures to prevent transmission and save lives.” (Ghebreyesus, 24 November 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: Și continuăm să cerem tuturor guvernelor să implementeze o abordare completă și personalizată asupra măsurilor de sănătate și sociale luate pentru a preveni transmiterea (virusului) și pentru a salva vieți.” (our translation)

In Romanian, the inflectional morphemes attached to the verbs indicate the first-person plural in the absence of the subject / pronoun.

In some cases, the first-person plural deictic pronoun “we” is inclusive of speaker and exclusive or inclusive of addressee (in some cases, it is ambiguous), and it maintains this function in translation, as shown in (9).

(9) Source text: “How quickly we end the pandemic, and how many sisters and brothers we lose along the way, depends on how quickly and how fairly we vaccinate a significant proportion of the global population.” (Ghebreyesus, 10 May 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: “Cât de repede punem punct pandemiei, și cât de multe surori și câți frați pierdem între timp, depinde de cât de repede și cât de echitabil vaccinăm o proporție importantă a populației mondiale.” (our translation)

As above, reference to the speaker can be retrieved from the inflectional morphemes attached to the verbs for the first-person plural.

In other cases, the first-person plural deictic pronoun “we” includes both the speaker and the addressee. In these cases, “we” refers to all the people that were influenced by the Coronavirus pandemic. The first-person deictic pronoun which includes the speaker and the addressee maintains this function in translation, as shown in (10) – see also the comments above concerning the retrieval of deictic pronouns in the Romanian renderings.

(10) Source text: There will come a time when we can all take off our masks, when we no longer have to keep our distance from each other, when we can once again go safely to concerts, sporting events, rallies and restaurants. (Ghebreyesus, 10 May 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: Va veni o vreme când ne vom putea toți da jos măștile, când nu va mai trebui să păstrăm distanța unii față de alții, când vom putea merge din nou în siguranță la concerte, evenimente sportive, mitinguri și restaurante. (our translation)

The second-person deictic pronoun “you” is in some cases formal, exclusive of speaker, inclusive of addressee, referring to the auditors (people reading the texts) in English and Romanian, as shown in (11).

(11) Source text: We cannot say this clearly enough: even if you are vaccinated, continue to take precautions to prevent becoming infected yourself, and to infecting someone else who could die.” (Ghebreyesus, 24 November 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: Nu putem spune asta mai clar de atât: chiar daca sunteți vaccinați, continuați să luați măsuri de precauție pentru a preveni infectarea proprie și a altora care ar putea muri. (our translation)

In other cases, the second-person deictic pronoun “you” is formal, exclusive of speaker, inclusive of addressee, referring to the addressees (people who directly interact with WHO Director-General), and it maintains this function in translation, as shown in (12).

(12) Source text: “Thank you, Dr Ngozi. You have been fighting this pandemic since the beginning in a variety of roles.” (Ghebreyesus, 1 June 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text: “Vă mulțumesc, domnule Dr Ngozi. Ați luptat împotriva pandemiei încă de la început, având o multitudine de roluri. (our translation)

Reference to the second-person deictic pronoun is detectable in Romanian in both the personal pronoun form “vă” and in the auxiliary verb “ați”. Another special mention here concerns the use of this pronoun form to express deference, therefore person deixis is doubled by social deixis.

To lend generalizing force to our observations, we state that the examples above are not isolated since in Romanian the subject pronoun is grammatically encoded in the verb conjugation, the verb acquiring specific endings depending on the person and tense (see Vîlceanu 2005). Once again, the subject is, more often than not, omitted in Romanian, and preserving it would affect the level of naturalness in translation. Below (13) the same text is rendered into Romanian by omitting the subject (Target text 1) and by preserving it (Target text 2):

(13) Source text: I joined leaders from the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and the World Bank Group in publishing an op-ed in many newspapers around the world that calls for a new commitment with a 50 billion US dollars rapid investment to fund the equitable distribution of vaccines and other crucial health tools. We particularly welcome that in the proposal, the majority of the new funding would be made available quickly through grants, including to fill the ACT Accelerator’s funding gap.” (Ghebreyesus, 1 June 2021) (our emphasis)

Target text 1: M-am alăturat unor lideri ai Fondului Monetar Internațional, Organizației Mondiale a Comerțului și Grupului Băncii Mondiale în publicarea unui articol în multe ziare din întreaga lume care cere un nou angajament în ceea ce privește investirea rapidă a 50 de miliarde de dolari pentru a plasa bani în fonduri publice în vederea distribuirii echitabile a vaccinurilor și a altor echipamente vitale pentru sănătate. Salutăm în special faptul că în această propunere, majoritatea noilor fonduri ar fi deblocate rapid prin granturi, inclusiv pentru a completa golul în finanțarea Acceleratorului ACT. (our translation)

Target text 2: Eu m-am alăturat unor lideri ai Fondului Monetar Internațional, Organizației Mondiale a Comerțului și Grupului Băncii Mondiale în publicarea unui articol în multe ziare din întreaga lume care cere un nou angajament în ceea ce privește investirea rapidă a 50 de miliarde de dolari pentru a plasa bani in fonduri publice în vederea distribuirii echitabile a vaccinurilor și a altor echipamente vitale pentru sănătate. Noi salutăm în special faptul că în această propunere, majoritatea noilor fonduri ar fi deblocate rapid prin granturi, inclusiv pentru a completa golul în finanțarea Acceleratorului ACT. (our translation)

Target text 2 contains awkard renderings, which are not justified even if emphasis would be added.

4. Conclusion

In our endeavour of translating deictic pronouns from English to Romanian in the context of the 64 texts selected from the WHO Director-general’s media briefings on the Coronavirus pandemic, we conclude that both research methods that we have selected, namely discourse analysis and documentary analysis, are useful for building a corpus and reaching viable results.

The investigation has established that there is a prevalence of the first-person plural deictic pronouns in the 64 texts we have analysed, namely, “we” represents 50.61% of all the deictic pronouns which are used in the texts (820 utterances of “we” out of 1620 total utterances representing the deictic pronouns).

We also conclude that while the subject pronoun is present in the source texts, it should be omitted in the target texts because of the fact that in Romanian (a pro-drop language), reference to the speaker and/or the addressee is retrievable in the verb conjugation, and including the subject pronoun in translation would impair the authenticity of the texts.

The investigation also shows that all deictic pronouns (first-person singular deictic pronouns, first-person plural deictic pronouns, second-person deictic pronouns) maintain the individual and collective functions in the translated texts in Romanian. Thus, the two languages show a high degree of symmetry in the conceptualisation of person deixis even if via different encodings – Romanian marks person deixis in the verb form, too. Additionally, this symmetry might be explained by the type of the text / discourse involved in translation, i.e., the WHO institutionalised discourse, addressing a topic of common widespread interest (the Covid 19 pandemic) and imposing patterns of interpretation.

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Corpus

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 5). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/opening-remarks-for-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-5-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 8). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-8-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 11). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 15). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-15-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 22). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-22-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 25). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-25-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, January 29). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-29-january-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 1). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-1-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 5). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-5-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 8). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-8-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 12). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-12-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 15). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-15-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 18). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-18-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February221). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-22-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 26). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-26-february-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 1). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-1-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 5). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-5-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 8). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-8-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 12). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-12-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 15). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-15-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 19). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-19-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 22). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-22-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, March 26). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-26-march-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 1). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-1-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 6). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-6-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 9). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-9-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 12). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-12-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 16). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-16-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 19). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-generals-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-19-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 23). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-23-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 26). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-26-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, April 30). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-30-april-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 3). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-3-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 6). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—6-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 7). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-7-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 10). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-10-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 13). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—13-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 14). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-14-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 17). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-17-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, May 28). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-28-may-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 1). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-1-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 7). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-7-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 10). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—10-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 14). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-14-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 16). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-16-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 17). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—17-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 18). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-18-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 24). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—24-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, June 25). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-25-june-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 1). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—1-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 2). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-2-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 7). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-7-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 12). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-12-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 15). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-15-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, July 30). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-30-july-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 4). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-4-august-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 5). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—5-august-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 11). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-august-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 18). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—18-august-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 19). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19—19-august-2021

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, August 25). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—25-august-2021

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Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, September 23). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-covid-19

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, October 7). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—7-october-2021

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Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, November 12). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—12-november-2021

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